The evolution of the sloping roof towards the flat roof through the last couple of centuries was necessitated by the elements of the form follows function tenet in architecture. For one, this provided architectual latitude in terms of design and a more optimized utilization of urban space that was becoming increasingly expensive. It was greatly augmented be the rapid expansion in the availability of material such as pitch and bitumen, with the activities that could be loosely associated with the development of mining techniques during the Industrial Revolution. Both the above materials were widely used for water proofing in spite of great differences in their origin and their composition. The sloping roof comprised of a large number of disjointed water proof elements (such as tiles of slate) and depends on gravity to ensure that the water flowed down from the one element to the next. The flat roof, initially, had several areas weakness in terms of permeability, such as the joints between the stones and the crack developed in the hardened material such as lime or clay. These weak areas were sealed with pitch and bitumen mixed with stops one powders. Gradually, a whole layer of waterproofing came to be provided as a preventive measure, rather than a maintenance procedute. In time, however, the water proofing was reinforced with fabrics of hemp and cotton fibersto give it adequate mechanical properties. Later gave way to factory made rolls of water proofing materials, which could be easily be transported and affixed at site. Organic and natural fibers used as reinforcement slowly where replaced by non-biodegradable materials such as fiberglass and in the 70s with polyester mats. Similarly, the environmental hazards associated with coal tar and its products paved the way for wide spreads use of bitumen on field of waterproofing. Many different polymers were later added to the bitumen to alter its mechanical properties such as brittleness over time, resistance to heat and coldetc.
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After grinding, concrete powder and debris accumulate and this has to be removed as it gets entrapped between the lining and the surface. Hence, the concrete surface is to be cleaned properly with acetone and it is ensured that no impurities are entrapped. GRP lining is a hose reling method in which the inliner used is a seamless glass fibre fabric hose. GRP lining can be used to rehabilitate sewers with damage such as root penetration, deposits, socket offset, cracks and pipe fractures. Once the existing pipe has been cleaned and inspected by a camera, it is prepared for rehabilitation with milling and smoothing robots, which pulls the folded in liner hose into the existing pipe through a shaft. When subjected to compressed air the in liner unfolds and applies itself to the inside wall of the existing pipe. The curing method is selected according to site conditions - using either ultraviolet light or a mixture of air and steam. Unsaturated polyester resins or vinyl easter resins are used, depending on the level of exposure to chemicals. The curing process is continuously monitored and recorded with the help of automated devices.
GRP lining is a hose relining method in which the inliner used is a seamless glass fibre fabric hose. GRP lining can be used to rehabilitate swers with damage such as root penetration, deposits, socket offset, cracks and pipe fractures. Once the existing pipe has been cleaned and inspected by a camera, it is prepared forrehabilitation with milling and smoothing robots, which pulls the folded in liner hose into the existing pipe through a shaft. When subjected to compressed air the in liner unfolds and applies itself to the inside wall of the existing pipe. The curing method is selected according to site conditions - usint either ultraviolet light or a mixture of air and steam. Unsaturated polyester resins or vinyl easter resins are used, depending on the level of exposure to chemicals. The curing process is continuosly monitored and recorded with the help of automated devices.
After Concerting many irregularities on the surface remain and lamination is carried out on such surface finishing on the outer surface will be inferior. Hence, surface grinding of concrete has to be done, if necessary. This removes all irregularities and the surface becomes clean. Moreover, the grinded surface has more porosity which will ensure a stronger bonding with resin
Glass Fiber- Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) Resin - Orthophalic Polyester Resin
NCS 985 PA Catalyst - Norpol MEKP
A metal roof, often referred to as a tin roof, is a roofing system made from metal pieces or tiles. It is a component of the building envelope and often used to cover large buildings because of their high strength to weight ratio Metal sheet roofs are very affordable, durable, and quick to install, which makes their use extremely popular in the construction of commercial and industrial buildings. The major problem with metal roofs in warm weather is that they absorb and retain enormous quantities of heat. In non-air-conditioned buildings, this translates directly into high building envelope heat loads, temperature and moisture buildup. In air-conditoned buildings, it means higher energy costs as the air-conditioning has to fight the heat that builds up during the day, even when the sky is overcast (ultraviolet rays, the major source of heat from solar radiation, will penetrate clouds). Because buildings with metal roofs are hotter than the things around them, they contribute to the urban heat island effect. A metal sheet roof in tropical countries, for example, can reach a temparature above 75 Degree Celsius 1167 of andthe second major problem s the leakage throughout the seams and joints will cause serious deterioration, rust, corrosion and severe structural damage.
A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a ssuitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-storey building, structure or support base for heavy equipment The cast concrete pile cap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A similar structure to a pile cap is a «raft», which is a concrete foundation floor resting directly onto soft soil which may be liable to subsidence.
The Pile Head Treatment is the final working step of a successful piling and foundation system. Every pile has to be proteced against chloride and sulphate attacks on the reinforcement caused by the soil and groundwater. It also has to assure that there will be no passage of water from the ground to the substructure. A proper designed system shall include: Re-profiling, waterproofing and full encapsulation of the entire pile head to assure that each and every structure is based on a long lasting and safely built foundation.
Foam concrete is a type of porous concrete. According to its features and uses it is similar to concrete. The synonyms are: Aerated concrete Light Weight Foam concrete Porous concrete Foam concrete is created by uniform distribution of air bubbles throughout the mass of concrete. Foam concrete is produced by mechanical mixing of foam prepared in advance with concrete mixture, and not with the help of chemical reactions. Foam is prepared in special device - foam generator and after that mixing in special mixer (For example machine Foam-Prof consist from special mixer and foam generator mounting together). Foam concrete is normal concrete with bubbles of air inside. Therefore it has the same characteristics with many additional advantages. Also CLC canbe produced and poured for floors and roofs on-site. In roofs it can be used because of very good insulating and light weight. For floors CLC offers faster installation and a less expensive option because of the flowing and self-leveling properties.
Cementations systems generally are available as ready to apply. The two components systems consist of a resin base which is normally an acrylic co-polymer with water proofing properties and a cementations powered roller or by spray. A fabric scrim we suggested over expansion joints to protect the layer from tensile thermal expansion on the roof. Cementations systems are also applied over spray applied polyurethane thermal insulation as a protective layer, as these systems possess high resistance to UV rays. Since application skills require are minimum, they highly popular among maintenance contractors. However, it should be noted that the waterproofing and durability membrane and care should be exercised in choosing one with adequate co-polymer content.
When constructing a new water tank or swimming pool, it is possible to apply the waterproofing system to the internal (negative) or external (positive) side of the wall. In many cases, combined systems are specified to provide enhanced protection. Our clients can avail from us water tanks & swimming pools waterproofing services. These services help in enhancing the life of the water tanks/swimming pools by avoiding water from damaging the walls. Our skilled workers perform two chemical coat systems with fiber mesh on the tanks/swimming pools. The coating done is highly insoluble in the water. These services are accomplished in less time period and come with a warranty of five years.
The accelerated constructional activities coupled with the ever increasing demand for economical and comfortable living encourages us to adopt the latest scientific and technology advancements. Hence we have chosen the concept of the Thermal Insulation system, which plays a vital role in improving the cooling conditions inside buildings. This definitely reflects on power consumption and money involved for all parties concerned in the construction process. Thermal Insulation System has been introduced to reduce your electric consumption costs up to 40%, thus saving money and the county’s energy resources. It also indeed creates a more comfortable living and working atmosphere.
All materials whether loose or on pallets have to
be stored in a covered area and protected from
UV and sunlight. Damage to the material may be
caused due to improper storage and at high temperatures. Application of materials should be avoided in case
of extreme weather conditions like sand storm or
rain. The ambient temperature during application
should be between 5°C and 45°C.
Drill the hole adjacent to the crack in 45° angle & adjacent to the pipe penetration in the preence of running water the flow must be stopped using POLYINJECT STOP or POLYINJECT STOP FS which produces rapid setting water-stopping foam. When the water is stopped the cracks are re-injected with POLYINJECT PU+
Pour the hardener (component B) into the resin (component A) in the indicated mixing ratio and mix with an electrical mixer (max. 300 rpm) until a homogenous mixture is produced. Assure that the B component is evenly dispersed. Only mix sufficient resin that can be used within the pot life of the material.
POLYINJECT PU+ can be injected with using 1-component or 2-component injection pumps. The injection pressure should be at least 4 bars. After the work is finished the injection system shall be allowed to cure for 24 hours and shall be left undisturbed for this time.